Sjimon den Hollander
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    • The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom >
      • Introduction
      • Chapter 1. Prior Legacies >
        • 1A. The Muslim Legacy
        • 1B. The Christian Legacy
        • 1C. The Jewish Legacy
      • Chapter 2. The Roman Catholic Church >
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        • 5A. Germany
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Masterpieces of Medieval Hebrew Literature 
​Glossary
​

(A download option in PDF can be found below.)
​
During this course you may come across terms and expressions that you are not familiar with. For this reason, I created a glossary. If there are additional terms that you would like on this list, please let me know. 


Abrogation                   The idea that somethings (texts, laws, books, religions)
                                            are replaced by others
Ahl Al-Kitāb                “People of the Book” (Jews, Christians, 
                                            Zoroastrians, and other non-Muslims)
Al-Andalus                  Islamic Iberia / Islamic Spain
Alhambra Decree         Also called Edict of Expulsion.
                                    A law that forced all Jews to leave Spain.
Allegory                       A story or imagery to be interpreted as revealing a
                                            hidden meaning
Almohads                     Berber dynasty (12th century), intolerant of minorities
Almoravids                   Berber dynasty (11th century), religiously conservative
Amora'im                     Jewish scholars (c. 230-500) responsible for the Gemara
Ananites                       Followers of Anan ben David;
                                            Later called Qara'ites (or Karaites)
Andalus                        Islamic Iberia / Islamic Spain
Andalusian Poetry        Poetry that follows Arabic meter
                                          (patterns of long and short syllables).
Anthropomorphism      Describing God in human terms
Apostasy                       Deserting one’s religion
Apostate                       Someone who leaves his/her religion
Arabic meter                Poetry focused on patterns of long and short syllables
Arianism                      A type of Christianity that did not believe in the Trinity.
                                         They believed that Jesus had 'become' the son of God.
Arians                          Followers of Arianism
Asceticism                    Severe self-restraint, abstinence, withdrawing from the world,
                                         and/or denial of physical pleasure
Ascetic                         Someone who practices asceticism
Ashkenaz                     Hebrew name for Germany (and northern France)
Ashkenazi                     Jew/Judaism with roots in medieval Germany
                                            and/or northern France
Babylonia                     Jewish name for Mesopotamia (Iraq)
Babylonian Judaism      Judaism as taught and practiced in Babylonia
Babylonian Talmud      The Talmud composed in Babylonia
Baron                           Local ruler, technically under authority of the king 
Bid³a                            Religious innovation (considered a sin in Islam)
Bishop                          Important Church leader
Blasphemy                    Insulting God or religion
Blood Libel                  An accusation that Jews would ritually kill a Christian
Canon                          The collection of holy books, accepted as genuine
                                           within the Bible
Confess                        (verb) To declare and acknowledge one’s sins
Confession                   (noun) Declaring and acknowledging one’s sins
Confessor                     Someone who hears confessions
Creed                           Statement of required beliefs within a religious community
Credo                           The Latin text of the (Roman Catholic) creed (see: Creed)
Christendom                 Society dominated by Christianity
Conversos                     Jews or Muslims (and their descendants) who had converted
                                             to Christianity (See also: New Christians)
Crypto Jew                   Someone who practices Judaism in secret
Crusade                        A movement of Christians to reconquer the Holy Land
                                             from the Muslims
Day of Atonement        A Jewish holiday on which one asks/prays for forgiveness
                                              and forgives others
Dhimma                       Arabic word meaning toleration or protection,
                                                granted to a dhimmi (see there)
Dhimmi                       A tolerated member of the People of the Book (see there)
                                               who lives under the Pact of Omar (see there)
Diaspora                      Dispersion (of the Jews outside their ancestral homeland)
Djarḥa                         The final two lines of a Muwaššaḥ
Disputation                 A public debate between representatives of
                                                competing religions
Dogma                        An authoritative, undisputable article of faith
Edom                          1) Another name for Esau (son of Isaac and brother of Jacob);
                                   2) The nation of Edom;
                                   3) Nickname for the Romans
                                   4) In the Middle Ages: code name for Christianity
Edomites                     1) Descendants of Edom/Esau;
                                   2) Member of the nation of Edom;
                                   3) Nickname for Romans;
                                   4) Nickname for Christians
Eucharist                     A Catholic and Byzantine ritual of eating bread
                                             and drinking wine representing Jesus' flesh and blood   
Eunuch                        A male slave whose private parts have been removed
Excommunicate           (verb) Expelling or excluding someone from the community
Excommunication        (noun) Expelling or excluding someone from the community
Exilarch                       Head of the Jews in exile
Expulsion                     Banishing a people (most often Jews) from a country
Festival of Weeks          See: Shavu'oth
Festival of Tabernacles  See: Sukkot
Ga'on                           Head of a Talmud Academy in Babylonia or Palestine
Ge'onîm                       Plural of Ga'on
Gemara                        Main part of the Talmud that discusses the Mishna
Gematria                      The belief that the numerical value of a word has meaning
Geniza                         Storage space for discarded holy texts
Ghusn                          The first three lines of each stanza within a Muwaššaḥ
Gospel                          Literally: Happy tiding 
                                    1) In the New Testament: Jesus' message that the
                                             Kingdom of God is at hand
                                    2) A biography of the life of Jesus
                                             (the New testament contains four of such 'Gospels')
Haggadá                       A booklet with the liturgy of the Passover service
Hagia Sophia                (Pronounced: Aya Sofia).
                                            Old, famous church in Constantinople
Halakha                        Jewish law
Halakhic                       Legal (appertaining to halakha)
Ḥanukka                       Jewish festival commemorating a victory of Hellenistic
                                                oppressors (celebrated in winter)
Harem                          A section of a house or palace containing someone's wives,
                                                concubines, and/or female slaves.
Ḥasîd                            Hebrew word for 'pietist' (see there);
                                                Someone who is exceptionally religious
Ḥasidé Ashkenaz           A specific pietistic movement in Medieval Germany
                                               (see also: pietism)
Ḥasidîm                       Plural of Ḥasîd
Hasidism                      A name for several pietist Jewish movements (See: pietism)
Hebrew Bible               A collection of Jewish Scriptures identical with the books
                                              of the 'Old Testament' (see there)
Hékhalót Mysticism      A type of meditation in which one’s soul travels
                                               through heavenly palaces, towards God’s throne
Hellenism                    Adopting aspects of Greek culture, language, and/or religion.
                                               Hellenism comes in different gradations.
Hellenist                      Follower of Hellenism
Heresy                         Any belief or opinion that is at odds with the
                                               established dogmas
Heretic                        A member of a religious community who holds religious
                                             opinions that are contrary to the established dogmas
Host                            A piece of (processed) bread that -when it is 'consecrated'-
                                            is believed to change into the actual body of Christ
Host Desecration          The conscious desecration of a consecrated host (See: host)
Iberia                           The peninsula that contains Spain and Portugal
Initial sin                     Christian notion that the first sin of Adam and Eve renders
                                           all their descendants automatically sinful
Inquisition                   A special organization whose goal was to discover, combat,
                                           and punish heresy.
Inquisitor                     A member of the Inquisition (see: Inquisition)
Ishmael                        Son of Abraham and brother of Isaac (See also: Ishmaelites)
Ishmaelites                 1) Descendants of Ishmael;
                                   2) Hebrew term for Arabs;
                                   3) In the Middle Ages also: Hebrew term for Muslims
³Iṣma                           Arabic word meaning 'protection against sin'; infallibility
Israel                           1) (People of) Israel: a term for the Jewish people;
                                   2) (Land of) Israel
Ittiṣāl                          (Arabic term) A spiritual connection to God
Jerusalem Talmud        Alternative term for Palestinian Talmud; a version of the
                                         Talmud developed in Palestine (the Land of Israel)
Jewry (pl. Jewries)       Jewish community
Jizya                           A special tax paid by dhimmis
Judaizer                      Someone who brings Jewish influences into Christianity
Judeo-Español            See ‘Ladino’
Kabbalah                    See: Qabbala
Kalām                         A type of philosophy practiced in the early Islamic world
                                         in which reason and revelation are combined
Karaites                      See Qara'ites
Kavod                        Glory (for Ḥasidé Ashkenaz, a personified emanation of God)
Ladino                       A Jewish dialect of Spanish spoken outside of Spain
Libel                          Unfounded, slanderous accusation
Ma’asé Beréshît           Works of creation (a type of mystical meditation focused
                                         on the mysteries of creation)
Ma’asé Merkavá
          Works of the Heavenly Throne (a type of mystical meditation
                                          focused on the mysteries of God’s throne.
                                          See also Hékhalót Mysticism)
Maoz Tzur                  A song, written during the time of the crusades, that is
                                        commonly sung during the festival of Hanukka
Marano                       Someone who is outwardly Christian but secretly practicing
                                        Judaism  (also: Crypto-Jew). Sometimes also used for a
                                        Christian from Jewish descent.
Martyr                        A person who is killed because of his religion or convictions
Mashiach                    Hebrew for Messiah (see under Messiah)
Mesopotamia              The land between the two rivers Euphrates and Tigris;
                                         roughly present-day Iraq
Messiah                      1) For Jews: A predicted redeemer who will deliver the
                                         Jewish people and rule over the earth in peace
                                 2) For Christians: A predicted redeemer who delivers the
                                         people from sin, and then later will come again and
                                         establish God’s kingdom
Messianism                A highly raised expectation of the immanent coming
                                        of the Messiah
Midrash                     Teaching or commentary through allegory (See also: allegory)
Millenarianism           A highly raised expectation of the immanent (1000 year-long)
                                         Messianic age       
Mishna                      The core text within the Talmud
Mishné Torah            Maimonides’ code of Jewish law
Moresco                     Someone who is outwardly Christian but secretly
                                       practicing Islam. Sometimes also used for a Christian
                                       of Muslim descent.
Mu'tazila                   A rationalist type of Kalam
Muwaššaḥ                  Special type of Arabic (or Hebrew) poem, written in stanzas.
                                        The final two lines (called the djarḥa) are written in
                                         another language.
Mystic                       Someone who tries to attain insight into the mysteries beyond
                                        ordinary human knowledge, by communication with the
                                        Divine, sometimes in a state of ecstasy.
Mysticism                  A doctrine or practice that aims at transcending ordinary
                                        understanding and/or intimately unite the soul with
                                        God through meditation or ecstasy.
Nagîd                        Leader of the Jewish communities within a certain territory
Naskh                        Arabic for Abrogation (something being replaced by
                                        something else)
Negative Theology     The idea that all we can say about God is what He is not
New Christians           Christians with Jewish or Muslim ancestors
New Testament          The latest, specifically Christian part of the Bible
Old Testament            The oldest, Jewish part of the Christian Bible
Omar                         The second of the four righteous Caliphs (according to
                                         Sunni Islam); See also: Pact of Omar
Oral Torah                  An originally dynamic, oral Jewish tradition that
                                          accompanies the (written) Torah.
Pact of Omar               An Islamic set of rules that regulate the position of dhimmis
                                          (See: dhimmî)
Palestine                      A term originally given by the Romans to the Land of Israel
Pagan                          Not Jewish, Christian, or Muslim (other word for heathen)
Palestinian Judaism     Type of Judaism that originated in Palestine
                                          (the Land of Israel)
Palestinian Talmud      Version of the Talmud developed in Palestine
                                          (the Land of Israel); also called Jerusalem Talmud
Passover                       Jewish Festival commemorating the Exodus/the birth
                                          of the Jewish nation.
                                                Also called Pesach (celebrated in Spring)
Pentateuch                   Greek word for the Written Torah; the first five books of
                                          the Hebrew bible; also called the Torah
Penitence                     Actions that show regret for having done wrong
People of the Book       Islamic term referring to those people whom God gave a Holy
                                         Book before Islam (i.e. Jews, Christians, and others)
Pesach                         Jewish Festival commemorating the Exodus/the birth of the
                                         Jewish nation. Also called Passover (celebrated in Spring)
Pharisees                     The Jewish leaders after the destruction of the Temple (70 CE)
                                         that carried the Oral Torah. / Originators of the rabbinical
                                         tradition (including the Talmud). Later called Rabbis.
Pietism                       A movement in which piety (exceptional religiosity)
                                        is cultivated
Pietist                         Follower of a movement of pietism
Piety                          Exceptional religiosity
Pious                          Exceptionally religious
Piyyut                        Hebrew for 'Poetry' or 'Poem'
Polemics                     (In the context of this course:) Argumentation for the sake
                                          of one's religion
Pope                           The head of the Roman Catholic Church
Prostration                  Bowing down in prayer
Provence                     Region consisting of independent fiefdoms in southern France
Qabbala                       1) Passed-on tradition; 
                                   2) A Medieval Jewish system of mysticism (see: mysticism)
Qara’ites                      A kind of Judaism that does not accept and follow the Oral
                                          Torah and rabbinical tradition (including the Talmud)
Qelippá                       An evil husk that obscures a divine spark
                                         (also written: Kelippa or Klippa)
Qelippót                     Plural of Qelippá
Qibla                          The direction in which one prays
Rabbanites                  The kind of Judaism that does accept and follow the Oral
                                          Torah and rabbinical tradition (including the Talmud)
Rabbi                          A Jewish spiritual leader and/or religious teacher who has
                                          been ordained as such
Rēsh Galuthā               The Head of the Diaspora
Revelation                   A disclosure of God and/or His will to His creatures
Rhineland                    Area in Germany around the river Rhine which used to
                                          have important  Jewish communities
Rosh haShana               Jewish New Year (around the beginning of the Fall)
Sadducees                    A kind of Judaism before the destruction of the Temple
                                          (70 CE) that did not accept and follow the Oral Torah
                                           and rabbinical teachings
Safwa                          (Arabic for "elite") A person or group that has a special
                                         spiritual ability to connect with God
Sefirá                           A divine emanation within the system of Qabbala
Sefirot                         Plural of Sefirá
Sepharad                      Hebrew name for Iberia (Spain and Portugal)
Sephardi                       Jew/Judaism with roots in medieval Iberia
Sephardic                     Jew/Judaism with roots in medieval Iberia
Sabbath                       Seventh day of the week (Saturday); Jewish day of rest
Shabbát                       Hebrew word for 'Sabbath'
Shavu'oth                    "Festival of Weeks" Jewish holiday commemorating the
                                         giving of the Torah (celebrated in the Summer)
Simt                            The final two lines of each stanza within a Muwaššaḥ
Sufi                             A Muslim mystic
Sufism                         A form of Islamic mysticism
Sukkot                         Jewish Festival of Tabernacles, also called Festival of
                                          Booths (in the Fall)
Synagogue                   Jewish house of worship
Taḥrîf                         A belief among Muslims that Jews and Christians have
                                          corrupted their Scriptures
Taifa                           Islamic, relatively small independent territory on the
                                          Iberian Peninsula
Talmud                       A collection of Jewish books of rabbinic study and discussions
Tanakh                       A Hebrew term for the Hebrew Bible
Tanna'im                     Jewish scholars (c. 0-230) responsible for the Mishna      
Tetragrammaton         The four-letter-name of God that may not be
                                         pronounced (Y-H-W-H)
Theology                   Study and definition of this pertaining to God and religion
Torah                        1) Divine instruction
                                 2) Hebrew term for the Pentateuch (the first five books of the
                                         Hebrew Bible); also called the Written Torah
Tosafists                    Group of Jewish scholars that appeared after Rashi and wrote
                                       commentaries on Scripture and (especially) on the Talmud
Tosafot                      Added commentaries written by the Tosafists (see there)
Transubstantiation    The Catholic belief that during the mass, the 'host'
                                       (a piece of bread) becomes the real body of Christ
Trinity                     The Christian belief that the One God consists of three persons:
                                       The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit
Virgin birth              The Christian belief that Jesus was born from a virgin (Mary)
Visigoths                  A Germanic tribe that ruled over the Iberian Peninsula
                                        before the Arabic invasion
Vizier                       Arabic word for minister.
Written Torah          See: Torah
Yeshiva                    A Jewish religions academy
Yeshu                       Hebrew for 'Jesus'
Yishmael                  See: Ishmael
Yishmaelites             See: Ishmaelites
Yom Kippur             The Day of Atonement (in the Fall)
Zohar                       Jewish Book of mystical teachings
Zunār                      A belt that dhimmis were obligated to wear to be recognizable.

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  • Personal
    • Introduction
    • Curriculum Vitae
    • My Journey to Judaism
    • Testimonials
  • JUDAISM
    • Judaism - Introduction
    • Jewish History >
      • Paleo Hebrew
      • The Pentateuch
      • Stories of Creation
      • Stories of the Flood
      • Priestly Writings
      • Prophets of Israel and Judah
      • Biblical Poetry
      • Flavius Josephus
      • The Dead Sea Scrolls
      • Midrash
      • Oral Torah and Talmud
      • Origins of Christian Anti-Jewish Attitudes
      • Byzantine Jews Before the Advent of Islam
      • Yannai
      • Jews Under Islam
      • Byzantine Jews After the Advent of Islam
      • Qara'ites
      • Saadia Gaon
      • The Jewish Golden Age (part 1): Hasdai ibn Shaprut
      • The Jewish Golden Age (part 2) Andalusian Poetry
      • The Jewish Golden Age (part 3) Samuel haNagîd and Ibn Gabirol
      • Christian-Jewish Polemics
      • The Crusades and Maoz Tzur
      • Rashi
      • The Tosafists
      • Yehuda haLevi
      • Ritual Murder and Blood Libel
      • The Ḥasidé Ashkenaz
      • Toledot Yeshu
      • Moses Maimonides, Philosopher
      • Moses Maimonides, Rabbi, Leader, Physician
      • Abraham Maimonides
      • Maimonidean Controversies
      • Host Desecration Libels
      • The Barcelona Disputation
      • Qabbala and the Zohar
      • The Cairo Geniza
      • The New Sephardi Identity
      • David Reubeni and Shelomo Molkho
      • Shabbatai Tzevi
      • Da Costa and Spinoza
      • Yiddish Texts
      • Ḥasidism
      • The Jewish Enlightenment
      • Modern Jewish Thinkers
    • Jewish Thought >
      • On Modern Orthodoxy
      • Could Jews Accept the Prophets ​of Christianity and Islam?
    • Jewish Law >
      • A Mikwèh in Uganda
      • Shabbat Distance
  • Scripture
    • Torah - Pentateuch >
      • Genesis
      • Exodus
    • Nebi'im - Prophets
    • Ketubim - Further Scriptures >
      • Tehillim - Psalms
      • Ruth
      • Lamentations
      • Esther
  • Liturgy
    • Daily Prayers
    • Shabbat Eve in Synagogue
    • Shabbat Eve at Home
    • Shabbat Morning
    • Purim
    • Passover/Pesach
    • Omer Counting
    • Shabhu'oth
    • Tish'a beAv Evening Service
    • The Month of Elul
    • Rosh haShana Eve in Synagogue
    • Rosh haShana Eve at Home
    • Rosh haShana Morning in Synagogue
    • Yom Kippur
    • Sukkot
    • Ḥanukka
  • CHRISTIANITY
    • Christianity - Introduction
    • Jesus, the Jewish Messiah
    • Could Jews Accept Jesus as a Prophet?
    • Why do Jews not Accept Jesus as the Messiah?
    • The Barcelona Disputation
  • ISLAM
    • Islam - Introduction
    • Islamic Dietary Laws
    • Torah and Qur'an >
      • Tafsîr Al-Tabarî
      • Tafsîr Al-Qurtubî
      • Tafsîr Al-Mîzān
    • Why Do Jews not Believe ​in the Prophet Muhammad?
    • Do Jews Follow the Sunna of Moses?
  • (DIS)COURSES
    • Biblical Hebrew
    • Medieval Hebrew Texts >
      • Syllabus
      • Course Classes >
        • Introduction and Important Information
      • Prep Readers
      • Paragraph Assignment >
        • Assignment Explanation
        • Original Text
        • Guidelines for your Paragraph Assignments
        • Finished Chapters
      • Essay Assignment
      • Glossary
    • The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom >
      • Introduction
      • Chapter 1. Prior Legacies >
        • 1A. The Muslim Legacy
        • 1B. The Christian Legacy
        • 1C. The Jewish Legacy
      • Chapter 2. The Roman Catholic Church >
        • 2A. Theological Doctrine
        • 2B. Ecclesiastical Policies
        • 2C. Imagery of the Jews
        • 2D. Cultural Creativity
        • 2E. Looking Ahead
      • Chapter 3. The Older Jewries of the South >
        • 3A. Southern France
        • 3B. Christian Spain
      • Chapter 4. Northern France and England >
        • 4A. Northern France
        • 4B. England
      • Chapter 5. Germany and Eastern Europe >
        • 5A. Germany
    • Judeo-Arabic Philosophers
    • Sermons >
      • Rosh haShana >
        • Hardships That Generate Inspiration (2019)
        • Rosh haShana Meditation (2018)
        • Abraham’s Struggles and What We Can Learn From It (2014)
        • The Blessings of Monotheism (2013)
        • Rejecting Human Sacrifice (2012)
      • Yom Kippur >
        • Confession: Guilt Trip, or Acknowledgement? (2019)
        • Yom Kippur and Being Connected (2015)
        • Changing Your Brain (2014)
        • Grow Up and Become a Better Person (2012)
    • Holocaust Commemoration
  • OTHER LANGUAGES
    • عربي
    • فارسي
    • Bahasa Indonesia >
      • Pembacaan Kitab Suci
      • Liturgi Yahudi
    • Deutsch
    • Español >
      • Sagrada Escritura
      • Liturgia
    • Français
    • Igbo
    • Italiano
    • Kiswahili
    • Luganda
    • Nederlands >
      • Tanach (Bijbel) >
        • Thora >
          • Genesis
          • Exodus
        • Profeten
        • Geschriften >
          • Psalmen
          • Ruth
          • Klaagliederen
          • Esther
      • Liturgie >
        • Daily Prayers
        • Sjabbat Avonddienst
        • Sjabbatavond Thuis
        • Sjabbat Ochtenddienst
        • Sjabbatochtend
        • Poeriem
        • Pesach
        • Omertelling
        • Sjaboe'ot
        • Tisj'a be-Ab
        • Rosj haSjana Avonddienst
        • Rosj haSjana Ochtenddienst
        • Kipoer
        • Soekot
        • Chanoeka
      • Joodse Geschiedenis
    • Português >
      • Sagrada Escritura
      • Liturgia
  • UGANDA
    • Pesach in Uganda
  • Contact